Abel Gebrezgi and Jim Labbe, Audubon Society of Portland

INTRODUCTION

Laminated root rot (LRR) is a fungal pathogen, Phellinus weirii, also known as yellowing ring rot. It is one of the most damaging root diseases amongst conifers, especially firs and cedars, in the Pacific Northwest. Douglas fir, Mountain hemlock, Western hemlock, Grand fir, and Pacific silver fir are highly susceptible to infection by this pathogen.  Pine species like Western white pine and Ponderosa pine and larch are more resistant to it while hardwoods are immune. The fungus was first discovered in 1914, on Western red cedar in Idaho. The first reported case in Douglas fir was in 1940, at Cowichan Lake, British Columbia.

 

BIOLOGY

The mycelium of LRR doesn’t grow in the soil and the spores do not spread by wind like most fungal pathogens. Infection occurs when roots of healthy trees grow in contact with infected roots. After initial contact with a living root, the mycelium grows on the bark, extending only a few inches into the surrounding soil. The mycelium penetrates the host through the injured bark and advances along newly infected roots. Symptoms include crown yellowing and thinning, distress of cones, red-brown staining of outer heartwood, and separation of annual rings. Less discernible is the root rot which eventually decays the roots, destabilizes the tree, and leads to death and toppling. In addition to the loss of mature trees within a stand, LRR creates potential hazards from tree fall especially in small urban parks. The number of cases of the LRR disease has increased substantially with the presence of fire suppression and resulting dominance of Douglas-fir and Grand fir.

  INDIAN HENRY CASE STUDY

During the summer of 2011 four large Douglas Firs infected by LRR toppled over in Indian Henry Park. As a result, this popular campground along the Clackamas River had to be closed for over a year. The Indian Henry Park case study illustrates the potential consequences of not actively managing LLR in an urban park.

Douglas Fir trees, healthy tree on left, infected tree at Nadaka on right. Photos by Dale Waddell

 MANAGEMENT OF LAMINATED ROOT ROT

The most effective way of managing the LRR is to remove the infected trees. Removal prevents the spread of the pathogen from root to root.  Another way to manage or treat the LRR, is to plant immune hardwoods or resistant conifers. It is very difficult to entirely eliminate LLR from a stand so management and monitoring needs to be ongoing and long-term.

 NADAKA URBAN FORESTRY SERVICE LEARNING PROJECT

Spring of 2013 Audubon Society of Portland, City of Gresham, Columbia Slough Watershed Council, Rosemary Andersen High school (RAHS) and Wolftree Inc. teamed up on the Nadaka Urban Forestry Service Learning Project. The project, led by Dale Waddell, provided education and technical training for eight RAHS students and developed a laminated root rot assessment, tree removal and planting plan to treat the infection in Nadaka Nature Park.  Oregon Department of Forestry forest pathologist Alan Kanaskie assisted with technical training and site evaluation.

 

LAMINATED ROOT ROT AT NADAKA

Laminated root rot (LLR) has infected four larger patches and a couple of isolated trees in Nadaka Nature Park as shown in the map below. The infected trees include both 1st generation (~80-130 year old) and second generation (~30-60 year old) Douglas firs, with the latter including some western red cedar. LLR appears to be spreading more rapidly among second generation trees due to their more extensive lateral roots. Without human management, this will likely negatively impact long-term tree regeneration within the park and create risk from tree loss.

 MAP OF INFECTED TREES AT NADAKA

 Among the four large patches infected with LRR, unit 4 is the most severely infected patch. Tree removal and replacement is needed in this area as soon as possible to reduce the spread of LLR andminimize risk of tree loss.

 

Map by Jim Labbe

TREE REMOVAL & REPLANTING AT NADAKA

Treating LLR at Nadaka will require some tree removal and replacement in the near-term and active monitoring and management for the long-term. During tree removal the park will need to be temporarily closed off to the public. LLR will be controlled by replacing infected Douglas firs and Western cedars with immune deciduous trees or resistant conifers. This presents the opportunity to diversify forest composition and structure which can benefit wildlife. The logs from larger trees removed will remain in the forest as nurse logs or short wildlife snags, be used in a nature-based play area on-site, or sold to pay for project costs.

If you’d like more information on laminated root rot at Nadaka contact Lee Dayfield at 503.998.1044.

 SOURCES

1. Wikipedia, “Laminated Root Rot,”  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laminated_root_rot

2. Draft Report on Nadaka Urban Forestry Service Learning Project, Dale Waddell, Wolftree, Inc, June 2013.

3. Letter to Ric Catron, City of Gresham, from Alan Kanaskie, Forest Pathologist, Oregon Department of Forestry, May 4, 2010.

4. Hagle, Susan. July 2010. Management Guide for Laminated Root Rot,  Forest Health Protection and State Forestry Organizations” USDA Forest Service.http://www.fs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/stelprdb5187461.pdf

 

The following are involved in managing Laminated Root Rot at Nadaka: